Social Science Theorist Karl Marx

Karl Marx, born on May 5, 1818 In Trier in Prussia Germany, was one of the world’s reckoned sociologists, philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, communist and the pioneer of communism. He was a German but of Jewish origin because his father had converted to Christianity so that he could get an opportunity to practice law in the then racist German society. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Science Theorist: Karl Marx specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He studied law and did a thesis of philosophy although he found himself in a group of Hegelian thinkers that dealt with political and social issues drawing him to communism. Marx was married to Jenny, a daughter of a Prussian baron, and had seven children but only three survived due to poverty and living conditions. Marx worked as a journalist for a liberal newspaper in which he would publish his articles on economics lea ding to controversies and the paper was closed making Marx opt to move to Paris. While in Paris, he wrote an editorial that was about French socialism, and Hegelisim in Germany (Franzà ¶sische Jahrbà ¼cher). He also wrote several manuscripts, such as the â€Å"Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts† (1844) which were published a century later. He also met his best friend Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) and even wrote a manuscript with him. Due to their views they were expelled from Paris, they found their way to Brussels where he published the manuscript â€Å"The German Ideology† which was about the â€Å"nature of individuals depends on the material conditions determining their production.† Marx believed in criticizing just about everything that was in existence and in 1848, he published his most popular and most controversial book ‘the Communist Manifesto† and it was not long after its release that the German revolution started. Marx had summarize d the book in one sentence â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles†. This book led to his expulsion from Germany, and he went back to Paris where he was also expelled, and back to Germany again where he was charged for incitement and that was the routine of his life until 1849, when he decided to go to London. Due to the many revolutions that characterized that decade Marx decided to concentrate on understanding capitalism and economics (Cohen 1978). By 1857 he had written over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capitalism, land, wage labor, the state, foreign trade and the world market but they were not published until 1941, under the title â€Å"Grundrisse†. In 1859, He published â€Å"The Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy†, his first major economic manuscript. Marx explained his labor theory of value, his understanding of surplus value and exploitation which he argued would ultimately lead to a falling rate of profit and the collapse of industrial capitalism.Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx continued writing and in the last years of his life he fell sick and could no longer keep the pace but could only comment on Germany’s and Russia politics and economics. He even predicted that Russia might move into communism directly without getting into capitalism for he was convinced the end of capitalism was uniting the worker with the means of production and Russia had communal ownership of land but unfortunately Russia ended up embracing capitalism just like other nations (Marx Engels 2008). Marx in his writings was trying to explain why the society behaves the way it does by studying its economics politics and philosophy. He explained the cause of social conflict using economics and concluded that social conflict was as a result of resources whose distribution is controlled by the economic system of a society. He also concluded that interaction and integration in a society is determined by resources since people can only interact with people of their social class. Marx view of an ideal society is that which people own property communally; there are no people that are superior to others in terms of wealth, and that way there would be no conflict. Marx major contribution on social theories was the conflict theory which he developed. The theory argues that the society is divided according to material possessions hence creating classes in which superior classes exploit their subordinates. He argued the organization of work in society was a major determinant of its structure, its economics politics and social life. According to Marx there are two major classes of people in a society; the ruling class and the subjects. The ruling class owns the means of production while the subordinates have the labor. The owners of capital who are the bourgeo isies buy labor from the workers, the proletariats, at very low prices that do not match the amount of work they do hence making the ruling class to gain huge profits that increase their wealth while the rest becomes poorer. This kind of exploitation leads to political oppression since the ruling class use their resources to influence politics and laws made so that they would stay in their favor. They are also able to get as many contracts as possible for which the subjects do the work. The intellectuals are paid so that they would write publications justifying the system hence making all ideologies and morals to support the class structure (Blackledge 2006) He argued that capitalism alienates the worker from the product he makes, since the product sometimes could be worthy than the worker, they feel used and view themselves as objects of oppression. They also view their fellow workers as objects of labor with no other destiny and all this will result to disappointment and anger.Adv ertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Social Science Theorist: Karl Marx specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There will be therefore a revolution as the workers try to unite with the means of production and due to this tension, capitalism will collapse and give birth to a new society. The society will be communistic, Marx says that â€Å"the development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable† (Avineri 1968). He also believed that new technologies would be invented leading to less man labor hence more cost and less profits and as a result there will be an economic crisis leading to the fall of major sectors and the development of others. Marx also used capitalism to define and study history and he concluded that all social conflicts that have occurred have been due to resources and the forces of production. However, critiques have opposed this claiming that capitalism is the most effective and fair way of distributing resources. Contrary, others argue that selfishness and the need to accumulate wealth is in the nature of man and that no economic system would change that Marx can be considered as the founder of modern sociology in collaboration with others social scientist like Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Marx died on March 1883, he was buried in London Highgate Cemetery, with only eleven people in attendance. He died stateless and his epitaph read â€Å"workers of all lands unite†. Reference List Avineri, S. (1968). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Blackledge, P. (2006). Reflections on the Marxist Theory of History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Cohen, G. A. (1978). Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Advertising Looking for research paper on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx, K. Engels, F. (2008). The Communist Manifesto. Rockville, MD: Wildside Press LLC, 2008 This research paper on Social Science Theorist: Karl Marx was written and submitted by user Giovanny Carson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Native Mythology Vs. Bible Mythology

Native Mythology Vs. Bible Mythology (An Essay On The Difference And Similarities Between ‘’The World And The Turtle Back’‘ And The Book Of Genesis) Have you ever thought about how humans explained how life began? Stories are a way to explain everyday occurrences. In two creation stories† The Turtle On The World’s Back† and the book of Genesis, there are many similarities and differences. In both of the creation stories the tree was an important part of the stories. There was also a heavy undertone of good and evil in each of the stories .Generally speaking creation stories have similar yet different explanations of how the human race and earth began. Inside † The Turtle On The World’s Back† there are certain objects that have meaning and symbolize importance to the native Americans .Specifically the sacred tree was a symbol. The sacred tree symbolized the pureness of humans. The sacred tree had delicious ripe fruits andm flowers and was never to be touched or mutilated. While the tree in the creation myth was important ,there was an equally important symbol :the two identical siamese twins. Consequently in these creation stories there are undertones of good vs. evil. In this myth the twins were great creators , but there was a catch. The left handed twin symbolized evil and stubbornness of man and the right twin was the complete opposite .The right handed twin symbolized the kindness and patience of mankind. Since the left handed twin was pure evil, the twin actually had killed his own mother , because of his stubbornness .The twins are the way native Americans explained the good and evil of mankind. Also, there is a bit of controversy regarding who was made first. In traditional creation stories man was made first. However, in this creation story animals created earth and made woman first. In native American culture women are treated respectfully and with great honor. They uphold a ce... Free Essays on Native Mythology Vs. Bible Mythology Free Essays on Native Mythology Vs. Bible Mythology Native Mythology Vs. Bible Mythology (An Essay On The Difference And Similarities Between ‘’The World And The Turtle Back’‘ And The Book Of Genesis) Have you ever thought about how humans explained how life began? Stories are a way to explain everyday occurrences. In two creation stories† The Turtle On The World’s Back† and the book of Genesis, there are many similarities and differences. In both of the creation stories the tree was an important part of the stories. There was also a heavy undertone of good and evil in each of the stories .Generally speaking creation stories have similar yet different explanations of how the human race and earth began. Inside † The Turtle On The World’s Back† there are certain objects that have meaning and symbolize importance to the native Americans .Specifically the sacred tree was a symbol. The sacred tree symbolized the pureness of humans. The sacred tree had delicious ripe fruits andm flowers and was never to be touched or mutilated. While the tree in the creation myth was important ,there was an equally important symbol :the two identical siamese twins. Consequently in these creation stories there are undertones of good vs. evil. In this myth the twins were great creators , but there was a catch. The left handed twin symbolized evil and stubbornness of man and the right twin was the complete opposite .The right handed twin symbolized the kindness and patience of mankind. Since the left handed twin was pure evil, the twin actually had killed his own mother , because of his stubbornness .The twins are the way native Americans explained the good and evil of mankind. Also, there is a bit of controversy regarding who was made first. In traditional creation stories man was made first. However, in this creation story animals created earth and made woman first. In native American culture women are treated respectfully and with great honor. They uphold a ce...

Work Life Balance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Work Life Balance - Essay Example As the discussion declares deciding and maintaining a specific balance by an individual between work and personal life is an individual responsibility and the employer cannot decide for the employer. However, workplace environment can affect the choices, this is due to whether the work has unpredictable demands and schedule that is rigid, in this case balances work and life can be complicated.This paper discusses that  the article on the work life balance in a business environment covers all the aspects that pertain to work balance in an organization. It even gives a step by step checklist for human resource managers to check so as to provide their employees with a humble time to balance work and life. The strategies given are simple and conclusive towards achieving work life balance. Apart fro m discussing on the strategies, the article also explains how both the individual employee and the organization   gain in terms of productivity if work life balance is a success as it will result in a stress free employee who will therefore perform the work more effectively. Work–family conflict research also have been used to investigate how people meet the expectations of multiple roles and how one should divide between the roles that one has in life. Failure to balance the different roles other than the paid work can also result in stressors in life; Banwell gives working solutions on how to balance the roles relating to work and family

Managing Diversity Legal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Diversity Legal - Case Study Example 4). In her case, Mr. Chuck and Dell can be involved as witnesses. AHRC resolves the complaints through the process of conciliation. â€Å"This is where the people involved in a complaint talk through the issues with the help of someone impartial and settle the matter on their own terms† (Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d.). The possible outcomes that Mel may expect from lodging the complaint include an apology from Mr. Con Tenshus, compensation for the lost wages, reinstatement to the job, and changes in the organizational policies. Relevant legislation and case law According to Section 7 of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 that talks about discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, this Act applies on the discriminator if he discriminates against the aggrieved person on the basis of her pregnancy if the less favourable treatment of the aggrieved person is unreasonable under the given circumstances (comlaw.gov.au, n.d.). This Act also applies when the discriminator discrim inates against the aggrieved person because of her pregnancy by requiring her to comply with such a condition or requirement that is complied with a substantially higher proportion of people that are not pregnant, or that is unreasonable considering the case’s circumstances, or with which the aggrieved person cannot comply. One condition of the application of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 is for the organization to have more than 6 employees (Lawlink, 2002). Since the tiny office in Broadmeadow employed 8 people at the time when Mel worked there, the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 applies on it. There are a number of shortcomings in the use and effectiveness of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984; the focus of the Act on the complaints lodged by the victims of discrimination does not help in the resolution of the systemic discrimination. The complainants have inadequate support of adequacy. There are limitations in the rights of the regulatory agencies involved in providing the pr egnant women with equal opportunity and that are responsible for the elimination of sex discrimination, that are encountered while initiating the claims and investigations of the systemic discrimination. The regulatory tools required to resolve the issues are insufficient and thus cannot provide much assistance to the organizations in the elimination of discrimination. Furthermore, the process of lodging the complaint and its advancement is time-consuming, costly, as well as overly legalistic. The enforcement provisions of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 are insufficient with respect to the regulation’s terms as well as the extent of punitive damages imposed on the discriminator, especially in comparison to consumer protection legislation or the health and safety legislation. Strengths and Weaknesses of Mel’s Case One strength of Mel’s case is that her duty was frequently changed from doing the creditors work to doing the debtors work, although she was originall y hired to do the creditors work. Another strength of her case is that Mel informed Mr. Tenshus of her pregnancy as soon as she learnt that she was pregnant. Yet another strength of her case is that no minutes of meeting were made in either of the two meetings that she had with Mr. Tenshus, although those meetings are mentioned in Mr. Tenshus’

Reporting research results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reporting research results - Essay Example The method used to collect the statistics is also important as a sign of assurance on the credibility of the results(Creswell, 2008). Other factors include the region that the research focused on and the inhabitants of the region as per the research results. Consequently, the report should clarify on whether the results depict the answers of every statistic. The report should also explain the statistics which made up the research, but were not available during the study. In addition, the report should illuminate whether the act is a shortcoming or not. The other factor is the time during which the research took place. The various ways through which the research took place should also be a composition of the report. The sampling errors that are an attribute of the research should be put to the limelight. The frequent questions during the research should also be part of the report (Rocco T.S.,

Incident Grading in Emergency Responses

Incident Grading in Emergency Responses Situations/incidents go into a system where they determine how high risk/serious the incident is and it is done into 4 grades. P3: The first grade is the emergency response, and this is the most high risk response and is followed through when someone is in a critical emergency such as a violence that is about to happen and also if there is big damage to property. If someone is at a serious threat to get injured or a danger to their life this is also a very good reason for it to be an emergency. An officer regardless of their rank will be required to attend to the incident also specialist staff will be required depending on the emergency. An example of an emergency situation would be a person trapped in a house fire requiring the fire service to extinguish the fire and pull the person out of the house. This situation would more likely involve an injury or death to a person/people and also cause a massive disruption in the area therefore being an emergency. This incident would be small scale because it is a house fire. Another example would be if a criminal is posing a terrorist threat such as shooting at crowds of people or seen setting up bombs. This would be classed as a large scale incident and would require an emergency response that will have emergency services be there in under 20 minutes and police will have the right to ignore road speeds and laws and traffic lights to get to the emergency in time. Mainly the police will get involved to arrest any suspects or to neutralize anyone that is a threat to people. The second grade would be priority response, this is still an emergency but not as severe as grade one, but still there is a high level of importance to the incident. There is a lot of variables to how important the incident and some reasons would be: Someone is in emotional state and extremely upset and can potentially make them in a vulnerable condition. Another reason would be if a criminal/offender has already been arrested. Also would come if there is a concern for the persons health/wellbeing If there is a risk of losing witnesses or evidence If a serious but non-fatal injury has occurred or possibly a traffic collision that will involve these services Hate crimes are also a top priority on the list since it is against the law and breaches the Racial Religious act 2006 or Crime Disorder act 1998. It is required by law for emergency services to respond to a priority incident within 2 hours if it is a grade 2 incident. The third grade would be a scheduled response, this is when a caller or a person has scheduled/ pre-arranged to meet the caller within 48 hours. The attendance of the emergency incident can be met through surgeries, hospitals, stations or any other premises. The fourth grade would be Resolution without deployment, the caller is able to seek advice and resolve an incident through letters, phone calls, questions through the phone and also the service recommending a service more appropriate to the incident. Also in grade 4, deployment of any emergency services are not required but the situation would be analysed and possibly recorded. Incidents on grade would most likely be handed over to agencies such as safer community team, child protection agency, intelligence units and also the traffic control team. Overall, when an incident is rang over the telephone, the operator has to then make a decision on how serious the incident is. The operator will choose from the 4 grades I have just mentioned. Fire service categories: Category A: There are stronger chances of fire spread in built up areas in larger cities. Especially cities containing commercial and industrial premises and high rising properties. First step of the procedure in category A is for three pumps to attend the scene, two within the first 5 minutes and one within eight minutes. This procedure needs to be followed correctly 75% of the time. Category B: The recommended first attendance is for two pumps to attend the scene. One to arrive within 5 minutes and the other within 8 minutes. This procedure is followed for areas in towns and cities with smaller industrial areas and the estates. Same as category A this needs to be achieved on at least 75% of occasions. Category C: This procedure has been put in place for areas of residential dwellings, flats and terraced properties. He recommended attendance is for one pump to be sent within 8 10 minutes. This needs to be achieved on at least 75% of occasions. Category D: This procedure has been put in place for villages and farms. The recommended first attendance is one pump to be sent within 20 minutes. This needs to be achieved on at least 75% of occasions. P4: The call handling personnel in a small scale incident such as a house fire will be on the front lines. This means they will be talking to the victim/caller directly, and it is there job to calm the person on the call if in distress along will despatching the appropriate emergency service to the situation. If the operator is a 999 operator then they will be required to ask the callers name, the location they are calling from, about what happened and most important of all, if anyone is injured or at risk. Also the incident could be followed up through calling a police station which is non-emergency, which then an officer would answer the call and answer any questions an give any relevant information of the incident to the caller. Call operators for a large scale incident would ask for their ask location so police can be easily notified about the location, for example, in a large scale terrorist attack the operator would tell the caller to keep calm and use any means necessary to defend themselves from the attacker and this includes self-defence. Also the operator would give advice and also give instructions on how to apply first aid until emergency services arrive. M2: Both police and the fire service use terminology to communicate with each other, and the terminology is used to recognize a certain type of person. For example, ACP would be used to identify an Assistance Commissioner Professionalism for police and a WRC for the fire service would be used to identify a water carrier. Another similarity is that they both use the grading system based on the level of importance, for example, Grade A and emergency response both respond to emergencies within 20 minutes but on the other hand the difference is that the fire service are required to attend the scene within 8 minutes and police would be 20. Police and the fire service have a common goal and that would be to protect civilians along with providing emergency first aid if needed. Also inÂÂ   an event of an emergency both services will be required to drive at excessive speeds to attend to the incident and both services will have to of passed the Advanced Driving test to prove they can control the vehicle at high speeds with other distractions around them. If the driver does not get to the incident fast enough it could result in a casualty. All three emergency services must not go past the speed limit by an excessive amount, for example, on 30 mile-per-hour road the driver must not go past 45MPH. The advanced driving test will come in handy when there is a high chance of injuring a vulnerable person with your vehicle while driving at excessive speeds. The Police, Ambulance and Fire service all work together at major incidents and all services have a chain of command. Here are the list of commands Gold command this is the highest form of command at an incident, gold command sets the strategy or the plan to resolve the incident. Silver command this is the secondary form of command, silver implements or passes on Golds strategy for the incident. Bronze command this is the final command style which refers to everyone else who is called out to the incident and puts Golds strategy into action. The common goal of all commands is to save and protect lives of those involved and prevent the incident getting worse, along with defending the environment and make the situation normal quickly but efficiently and without casuing any further harm to anyone or the enviroment, when the process has been resolved, there will be a debriefing process after.

Economic Reasons for American Independence :: essays papers

Economic Reasons for American Independence The thirteen colonies that became the USA were originally colonies of Great Britain. By the time the American Revolution took place, the citizens of these colonies were beginning to get tired of the British rule. Rebellion and discontent were rampant. For those people who see the change in the American government and society a real Revolution, the Revolution is essentially an economic one. The main reason the colonies started rebelling against 'mother England' was the taxation issue. The colonies debated England's legal power to tax them and, furthermore, did not wish to be taxed without representation. This was one of the main causes of the Revolutionary War. Eleven years before America had declared it's independence there was 1,450,000 white and 400,000 Negro subjects of the crown. The colonies extended from the Atlantic to the Appalachian barrier (Brinton, 1965). The life in these thirteen colonies was primarily rural, the economy based on agriculture, most were descended from the English, and politics were only the concern of land owners. Throughout these prosperous colonies, only a small portion of the population were content with their lives as subjects of George III. Most found it hard to be continually enthusiastic for their King sitting on his thrown, thousands of miles away. Despite this there were few signs of the upcoming revolution. The occasional call for democracy and liberty were written off by loyalists. Among the upper class feelings of loyalty to the crown were strong and eloquently expressed. The attitudes of the common people mirrored their counterparts in England. They had a combination of indifference and obeisance. The first colonists had brought over both good and evil of their mother country in the seventeenth century. The good had been toughened and in several instances improved; much of the bad had faded away under the tough conditions of life. The American was a special brand of Englishman: he was more American than the English. In the beginning, the economic conditions were a cause in the advance of liberty, the wages in the colonies were generally higher and the working conditions were better than in England. The reason for this altogether joyous condition was a shortage of labor caused by the mass amount of land being settled. The people of the seaboard lost many of their community in the migration to the west. The immigrants brought with them ways of life that supported the colonies.